Electricity is a given in our everyday lives – but the journey it takes from generation to your outlet is more complex than many realize. To ensure electricity is reliable and always available, we depend on a sophisticated system of lines, substations, and operators working around the clock.

Transmission Grid vs. Distribution Grid

The power grid in Germany and across Europe is structured in layers. At the top is the transmission grid, where electricity is transported at very high voltages (220,000 to 380,000 volts). These high voltages are necessary to move large amounts of electricity over long distances efficiently – for example, from wind farms in northern Germany to industrial centers in the south.

Connected to this is the distribution grid, where the voltage is gradually reduced – first to medium voltage (around 10,000 to 30,000 volts) and finally to low voltage (230 volts), which we use in our homes.

Why Is Voltage Transformed?

High voltage means lower transport losses. If electricity were transported directly at household voltage levels, enormous amounts of energy would be wasted along the way. Transformers therefore play a crucial role: raising voltage for long-distance transmission and lowering it for safe consumption.

The Role of Grid Operators

Grid operators ensure that this system remains stable. Transmission system operators monitor the frequency (50 hertz in Europe) and balance supply and demand across the network. Distribution system operators are closer to end users and make sure electricity is delivered safely to households and businesses.

The power grid is the backbone of our energy system. It connects power plants, renewable sources, storage facilities, and consumers into one highly complex network. Especially in the era of the energy transition, one thing is clear: without a strong and modern grid, the shift to a climate-neutral energy system will not succeed.